Theoretical Frameworks for Examining the Impact of Demographic Factors on Men's and Women's Career Paths
( Pp. 160-166)
More about authors
Yastrebova Svetlana S.
Faculty of Economics
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow, Russian Federation
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract:
Childbirth has a significant impact on career trajectories and parental earnings. The total fertility rate in Russia has fallen sharply over the last ten years. Meanwhile, persistent labour shortages and growing real wages provide strong incentives for career development for both men and women. Against this backdrop policies aimed at encouraging second and third births become increasingly important for demographic policy. The paper shows that the evolution of research approaches has progressed from human capital models that explained the gender earnings gap by work interruptions to modern concepts that account for discrimination, household role distribution and institutional country-specific features. It is shown that further empirical research should be directed towards separate estimates of the impact of first, second and third children on parental earnings which remains unexplored in the Russian literature.
How to Cite:
Yastrebova, S.S. (2026). Theoretical Frameworks for Examining the Impact of Demographic Factors on Men's and Women's Career Paths. Economic Problems and Legal Practice, 22(3), 160-166. DOI: 10.33693/2541-8025-2026-22-3-160-166. EDN: FJTTMF
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Arzhenovsky S.V., Artamonova D.V. Estimating wage penalties for women with children. Applied Econometrics. 2007. No. 3. P. 66–79. (In Rus.). EDN: IAHGOJ.
Baranowska-Rataj A., Matysiak A. Family size and men's labor market outcomes: Do social beliefs about men's roles in the family matter? Feminist Economics. 2022. Vol. 28. No. 2. P. 93–118. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2015076.
Bazen S., Joutard X., Périvier H. Measuring the child penalty early in a career: The case of young adults in France. IZA Discussion Papers, 2021. No. 14763. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4114300.
Biryukova S.S., Makarentseva A.O. Estimates of the "motherhood penalty" in Russia. Population and Economics. 2017. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 50–70. (In Rus.). URL: https://populationandeconomics.pensoft.net/article/36032/download/pdf/300634.
Budig M.J., England P. The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review. 2001. Vol. 66. No. 2. P. 204–225. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1177/000312240106600203.
Choi H.J., Joesch J.M., Lundberg S. Sons, daughters, wives, and the labour market outcomes of West German men. Labour Economics. 2008. Vol. 15. No. 5. P. 795–811. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.001.
De Quinto A., Hospido L., Sanz C. The child penalty: evidence from Spain. SERIEs. 2021. Vol. 12. No. 4. P. 585–606. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1007/s13209-021-00241-9.
Gangl M., Ziefle A. Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women's careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States. Demography. 2009. Vol. 46. No. 2. P. 341–369. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1353/dem.0.0056.
Gough M., Noonan M. A review of the motherhood wage penalty in the United States. Sociology Compass. 2013. Vol. 7. No. 4. P. 328–342. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1111/soc4.12031.
Hynes K.B. The trade-offs parents make: Examining the relationship between parental employment, parental resources, and children's cognitive development. Cornell University, 2005. URL: https://www.proquest.com/openview/79879a1da67757ee4e92468516202d9e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
Icardi R., Hägglund A.E., Fernández-Salgado M. Fatherhood and wage inequality in Britain, Finland, and Germany. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2022. Vol. 84. No. 1. P. 273–290. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12792.
Kalabikhina I.E., Kuznetsova P.O., Zhuravleva S.A. Size and factors of the motherhood penalty in the labour market: A meta-analysis. Population and Economics. 2024. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 178–205. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.3897/popecon.8.e121438.
Kleven H. The geography of child penalties and gender norms: A pseudo-event study approach. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2022. No. w30176. DOI: 10.3386/w30176.
Kleven H., Landais C., Søgaard J.E. Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 2019. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 181–209. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.3386/w24219.
Kleven H. et al. Child penalties across countries: Evidence and explanations. AEA Papers and Proceedings. 2019. Vol. 109. P. 122–126. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.3386/w25524.
Kotyrlo E.S., Bulgakov I.A. Fatherhood, marriage, and male labor market outcomes. Applied Econometrics. 2021. No. 2. P. 125–143. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.22394/1993-7601-2021-62-125-143.
Kubatova A.S. The essence of the concept of "career". Bulletin of Omsk University. Series "Economics". 2024. No. 4. P. 74–83. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.24147/1812-3988.2024.22(4).74-83.
Lebedinski L., Perugini C., Vladisavljević M. Child penalty in Russia: evidence from an event study. Review of Economics of the Household. 2023. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 173–215. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1007/s11150-022-09604-y.
Lundberg S., Rose E. Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women. Labour Economics. 2000. Vol. 7. No. 6. P. 689–710. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1016/s0927-5371(00)00020-8
Markussen S., Strøm M. Children and labor market outcomes: separating the effects of the first three children. Journal of Population Economics. 2022. Vol. 35. No. 1. P. 135–167. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1007/s00148-020-00807-0.
Mincer J., Polachek S. Family investments in human capital: Earnings of women. Journal of Political Economy. 1974. Vol. 82. No. 2, Part 2. P. S76–S108. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.4337/9781035383825.00013.
Nivorozhkina L.I., Nivorozhkin A.M., Arzhenovsky S.V. The "price" of motherhood: an econometric assessment. Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics. 2008. No. 1. P. 3–20. (In Rus.). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsena-materinstva-ekonometricheskaya-otsenka.
Oshchepkov A.Yu. Fathers and children: the "fatherhood bonus" in the Russian labor market. HSE Economic Journal. 2020. Vol. 24. No. 2. P. 157–190. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.17323/1813-8691-2020-24-2-157-190.
Pacelli L., Pasqua S., Villosio C. Labor market penalties for mothers in Italy. Journal of Labor Research. 2013. Vol. 34. No. 4. P. 408–432. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1007/s12122-013-9165-1.
Rosenzweig M.R., Wolpin K.I. Testing the quantity-quality fertility model: The use of twins as a natural experiment. Econometrica. 1980. P. 227–240. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.2307/1912026.
Shah N. Assessing the Impact of Parenthood on Pay and Employment: An Event Study of the Motherhood Penalty and Fatherhood Premium in the UK. 2024. URL: https://media.www.kent.ac.uk/se/54012/NehaShahKAERJ2025.pdf.
Sieppi A., Pehkonen J. Parenthood and gender inequality: Population-based evidence on the child penalty in Finland. Economics Letters. 2019. Vol. 182. P. 5–9. (In Rus.). DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2019.05.034.
Keywords:
motherhood penalty, fatherhood bonus, birth order, event study, gender wage gap, labour market discrimination..
