The Concept and Features of Aleatory Transactions
( Pp. 61-67)
More about authors
Vladimir A. Semenov
postgraduate student of the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure, Moscow Russian Federation
Institute of International Law and Economics named after А.С. Griboyedov
Moscow, Russian Federation
Institute of International Law and Economics named after А.С. Griboyedov
Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract:
Abstract: The purpose of the study. This article examines the concept and features of aleatory (risky) transactions in Russian civil law. It traces the historical development of the theory of aleatory contracts from Roman law constructions of emptio spei and foenus nauticum and pre revolutionary Russian doctrine to Soviet and contemporary scholarship. The paper analyses the views of K. P. Pobedonostsev, A. Yanovsky, O. S. Ioffe, M. I. Braginsky, V. A. Belov, T. F. Madagaeva, V. A. Zaporoshchenko, A. Yu. Kiiko, N. Yu. Muromskaya and other authors on the nature and characteristics of aleatory contracts and their relation to conditional transactions and gambling. Special attention is paid to the factor of randomness and uncertainty in the performance of obligations, which links such transactions as insurance, life annuities, games and bets, forward and currency operations, investment and crowdfunding contracts, digital and smart contracts. Based on an analysis of Russian and foreign legislation and case law, the author formulates a definition of an aleatory contract suitable for inclusion in the Russian Civil Code and puts forward proposals for improving legal regulation.
How to Cite:
Semenov, V.A. (2026). The Concept and Features of Aleatory Transactions. Gaps in Russian Legislation, 19(1), 61-67. DOI: 10.33693/2072-3164-2026-19-1-61-67. EDN: JXMDDP
Reference list:
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Braginsky M.I. Legal Regulation of Games and Wagers. Moscow: Statut, 2004. Pp. 88–90.
Bystrov A. Ya. The Aleatory Nature of Contracts for Difference. Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 9. Pp. 86–121. EDN: LQPCMK, DOI: 10.37239/2500-2643-2022-17-9-86-121. (in Rus.).
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Ioffe O.S. Obligatory Law. Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
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Kiktenko K.G. Legal qualification of aleatory transactions and transactions with aleatory effect: a comparative analysis. RANEPA Young Researcher 2020: collection of scientific articles, 2021. Pp. 118–139. EDN: LURPPA. (in Rus.).
Tsvetaeva T.F. Aleatory contracts in the system of risk contracts in the civil law of the Russian Federation: abstract of the Dis.. … Cand. Sci. (Law). Tomsk, 2014. EDN: ZPOAAZ.
Razdaeva T.F. Legal approaches to the definition of the concept of "risky (aleatory) contract" in the science of civil law. Siberian Law Bulletin. 2012. No. 3. Pp. 43–47. EDN: PCSZXL. (in Rus.).
Pobedonostsev K.P. Course of civil law. Part 3: Contracts and obligations. St. Petersburg, 1890.
Ruchkina G.F. Risk in entrepreneurial activity and its legal reflection. Economy. Taxes. Law. 2013. No. 4. Pp. 118–122. EDN: RBLIMZ. (in Rus.).
Shcherbakov N.B. The main approaches to determining the legal nature of "aleatory transactions". Bulletin of Civil Law. 2006. Vol. 6. No. 1. Pp. 70–87. (in Rus.).
Yanovsky A. Risky Transactions. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1892. Vol. 52. P. 804. (in Rus.).
YAnovskiy A. Riskovye sdelki // Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar Brokgauza i Efrona. SPb., 1892. T. 52. S. 804.
Braginsky M.I. Legal Regulation of Games and Wagers. Moscow: Statut, 2004. Pp. 88–90.
Bystrov A. Ya. The Aleatory Nature of Contracts for Difference. Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 9. Pp. 86–121. EDN: LQPCMK, DOI: 10.37239/2500-2643-2022-17-9-86-121. (in Rus.).
Vitryansky V.V. Term transactions in the field of exchange trading and in financial markets. Economy and Law. 2007. No. 10. Pp. 34–48; No. 11. Pp. 30–36. (in Rus.).
Garaeva A.D. Aleatory transactions: concept, signs, classification. Young Scientist. 2021. No. 3. Pp. 170–173. EDN: USDCDV. (in Rus.).
Zamoroshchenko V.A. Peculiarities of regulation of aleatory transactions in the Russian Federation: dis. … Cand. Sci. (Law). Yekaterinburg, 2006. EDN: NOHAMX.
Ioffe O.S. Obligatory Law. Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
Kiyko A. Yu., Muromskaya N. Yu. On the Concept of Gambling Contracts in Russian Civil Law. Law and Justice. 2024. No. 5. pp. 166–171. EDN: QSAITZ, DOI: 10.24412/2073-3313-2024-5-166-171.
Kiktenko K.G. Legal qualification of aleatory transactions and transactions with aleatory effect: a comparative analysis. RANEPA Young Researcher 2020: collection of scientific articles, 2021. Pp. 118–139. EDN: LURPPA. (in Rus.).
Tsvetaeva T.F. Aleatory contracts in the system of risk contracts in the civil law of the Russian Federation: abstract of the Dis.. … Cand. Sci. (Law). Tomsk, 2014. EDN: ZPOAAZ.
Razdaeva T.F. Legal approaches to the definition of the concept of "risky (aleatory) contract" in the science of civil law. Siberian Law Bulletin. 2012. No. 3. Pp. 43–47. EDN: PCSZXL. (in Rus.).
Pobedonostsev K.P. Course of civil law. Part 3: Contracts and obligations. St. Petersburg, 1890.
Ruchkina G.F. Risk in entrepreneurial activity and its legal reflection. Economy. Taxes. Law. 2013. No. 4. Pp. 118–122. EDN: RBLIMZ. (in Rus.).
Shcherbakov N.B. The main approaches to determining the legal nature of "aleatory transactions". Bulletin of Civil Law. 2006. Vol. 6. No. 1. Pp. 70–87. (in Rus.).
Yanovsky A. Risky Transactions. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1892. Vol. 52. P. 804. (in Rus.).
YAnovskiy A. Riskovye sdelki // Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar Brokgauza i Efrona. SPb., 1892. T. 52. S. 804.
Keywords:
aleatory contract, risky transaction, randomness, uncertainty, insurance, annuity, derivatives, investments.
