US Congress and American Assistance to the Economic Development of Kazakhstan in the 1990 s
( Pp. 23-34)
More about authors
Alexandrov Stanislav N.
postgraduate student, senior lecturer
National Research Tomsk State University; Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio Electronics
Tomsk, Russian Federation
National Research Tomsk State University; Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio Electronics
Tomsk, Russian Federation
Abstract:
In the first years after the collapse of the USSR, the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan sought to implement in its country the mechanisms characteristic of a market type of economy. At the beginning of the formation of the state, own resources for such a transformation were not enough. The government of the republic counted on foreign assistance, including from the nominal world leader of that time - the United States. The main state body of the United States capable of assisting and promoting the economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan was the US Congress. However, American lawmakers, although aware of the importance of this undertaking, treated this issue peculiarly. Assisting to Kazakhstan, they pursued their interests and did not allocate significant amounts from the federal budget. The purpose of this work is to identify the priorities of congressional representatives in the issue of promoting the economic development of Kazakhstan in the 1990s. Because of the study, it was concluded that for congressional representatives a sufficient level of economic development of the Central Asian republic was a level capable of ensuring its existence as an independent state. Washington also did not miss the opportunity to get the most benefits from the process of Kazakhstan's transition to capitalism.
How to Cite:
Alexandrov S.N., (2021), US CONGRESS AND AMERICAN ASSISTANCE TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE 1990 S. History and Modern Perspectives, 4 => 23-34.
Reference list:
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Georgia in turmoil. Congressional record. September 29, 1993. URL: https://www.congress.gov/103/crecb/1993/09/29/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt16-4-3.pdf (data of accesses: 25.11.2021)
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Peace and freedom. Congressional record. March 2, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/03/02/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3320.pdf (data of accesses: 26.11.2021)
The five global realities. Congressional record. March 29, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/03/29/CREC-1995-03-29-pt1-PgE729.pdf (data of accesses: 27.11.2021)
H 7489. Congressional record. July 24, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/07/24/CREC-1995-07-24-pt1-PgH7481-2.pdf (data of accesses: 28.11.2021)
Motion to instruct offered by Mr. Miller of California. Congressional record. July 25, 1995. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1995-07-25/pdf/CREC-1995-07-25.pdf (data of accesses: 28.11.2021)
H 11871. Congressional record. November 8, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/11/08/CREC-1995-11-08-pt1-PgH11854.pdf (data of accesses: 28.11.2021)
Report concerning the national emergency with respect to Iran-message from the president-pm 130. Congressional record. March 11, 1996. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/07/23/CREC-1996-https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1996-03-11/pdf/CREC-1996-03-11-pt1-PgS1678-3.pdf page 1 (data of accesses: 30.11.2021)
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Alternatives to Middle East oil dependence. Congressional record. September 6, 1996. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/09/06/CREC-1996-09-06-pt1-PgS10011-2.pdf (data of accesses: 01.12.2021)
Instability is the enemy and it requires strong military forces. Congressional record. October 29, 1997. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1997/10/29/CREC-1997-10-29-pt1-PgH9709.pdf (data of accesses: 01.12.2021)
H7952. Congressional record. September 17, 1998. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1998/09/17/CREC-1998-09-17-pt1-PgH7946.pdf (data of accesses: 02.12.2021)
Islamic extremists find unwitting allies in Central Asian dictatorships. Congressional record. April 5, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/04/05/CREC-2001-04-05-pt1-PgE585.pdf (data of accesses: 02.12.2021)
Getting America s anti-terrorist message to central Asia. Congressional record. December 14, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/12/14/CREC-2001-12-14-pt1-PgE2300-5.pdf (data of accesses: 03.12.2021)
Article by former sec. Bill Richardson regarding Kazakhstan. Congressional record. August 2, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/crec/2001/08/02/CREC-2001-08-02-pt1-PgE1508-3.pdf (data of accesses: 03.12.2021)
The role of Russia and the Caspian in ensuring energy security. Congressional record. August 3, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/08/03/CREC-2001-08-03-pt1-PgE1550-3.pdf (data of accesses: 04.12.2021)
The role of Russia and the Caspian in ensuring energy security. Congressional record. November 16, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/11/16/CREC-2001-11-16-pt1-PgE2122-3.pdf (data of accesses: 04.12.2021)
Russia and energy security. Congressional record. October 30, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/12/19/CREC-2001-12-19-pt1-PgS13694-2.pdf (data of accesses: 04.12.2021)
Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998. Public law 105-118. November 26, 1997. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-111/pdf/STATUTE-111-Pg2386.pdf page 47 (data of accesses: 05.12.2021)
Statements on introduced bills and joint resolutions. Congressional record. October 30, 1997. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1997/10/30/CREC-1997-10-30-pt1-PgS11449-2.pdf (data of accesses: 05.12.2021)
The Silk Road strategy act of 1997, H.R. 2867. Congressional record. November 8, 1997. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1997/11/08/CREC-1997-11-08-pt1-PgE2240-4.pdf (data of accesses: 05.12.2021)
Silk Road strategy act of 1998. Report together with minority views. October 9, 1999. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/crpt-105srpt394/html/crpt-105srpt394.htm (data of accesses: 06.12.2021)
Silk Road strategy act of 1999. Congressional record. August 3, 1999. URL: https://www.congress.gov/106/crec/1999/08/03/crec-1999-08-03-pt1-pge1734.pdf (data of accesses: 06.12.2021)
Krugley I.I. U.S. policy in Central Asia: «The Strategy of the Silk Road» (1991-2011) // Viaintempore. History. Political science. 2016. №22 (243).
Rumyantsev V.P. The concept of the frontier F. J. Turner and US foreign policy in the XX-XXI centuries // American Yearbook 2016. Moscow, 2017. pp. 129-144.
Joint Resolution H. J. Res. 346. Approving the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment with respect to the products of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Public Law 102-197. December 09, 1991. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/statute/STATUTE-105/STATUTE-105-Pg1622.pdf (data of accesses: 14.11.2021)
Ikramov D.Z. International economic integration: textbook and workshop for universities / D.Z. Ikramov; edited by O.N. Misko. - Moscow : Yurayt Publishing House, 2021. - 256 p.
Diplomatic Dictionary / Edited by A.A. Gromyko. M.: Nauka, 1985. - 504 p.
H. R. 2926. To extend nondiscriminatory treatment (most-favored-nation treatment) to the products of certain nonmarket economy countries. Bill. January 24, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hr2926/BILLS-104hr2926ih.pdf (data of accesses: 14.11.2021)
S. 168. To authorize the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to the products of Kazakhstan. Bill. January 24, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/bills/s168/BILLS-107s168is.pdf (data of accesses: 15.11.2021)
H. R. 1318. To authorize the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to the products of Kazakhstan. Bill. March 29, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/bills/hr1318/BILLS-107hr1318ih.pdf (data of accesses: 15.11.2021)
Trade relations regarding products of Kazakhstan. Congressional record. June 29, 2001. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2001-06-29/pdf/CREC-2001-06-29-pt1-PgE1275-2.pdf (data of accesses: 16.11.2021)
H9019. Congressional record. December 6, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/12/06/CREC-2001-12-06-pt1-PgH8972-2.pdf (data of accesses: 16.11.2021)
Investing in Russian democracy. Congressional record. March 18, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/crecb/1992/03/18/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt5-1-1.pdf (data of accesses: 17.11.2021)
S.2046 - Economic Development and Security Act of 1991. Bill. November 25, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/2046/text r 88 s 1 (data of accesses: 18.11.2021)
Assistance to the former Soviet Union. Congressional record. June 1, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/crecb/1992/06/01/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt9-8-3.pdf (data of accesses: 18.11.2021)
Haulman D. Provide Hope. URL: https://amcmuseum.org/history/provide-hope/ (data of accesses: 19.11.2021)
The Commodity Credit Corporation. URL: https://www.usda.gov/ccc (data of accesses: 19.11.2021)
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation transformed into the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation. URL: https://www.opic.gov/ (data of accesses: 19.11.2021)
Overseas private investment corporation. Congressional record. July 1, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/crecb/1992/07/01/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt12-5-2.pdf (data of accesses: 18.11.2021)
Special American Business Internship Training Program (SABIT). URL: https://www.trade.gov/sabit (data of accesses: 19.11.2021)
History. International Executive Service Corps. URL: https://iesc.org/about-us/history (data of accesses: 20.11.2021)
H.R.4547 - Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992. Bill. August 6, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/4547/text (data of accesses: 20.11.2021)
1457. Congressional record. February 5, 1992. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt6-7-1.pdf (data of accesses: 21.11.2021)
Consultative commission on western hemisphere energy and environment. Congressional record. February 5, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/crecb/1992/02/05/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt2-1-1.pdf (data of accesses: 21.11.2021)
Comprehensive National Energy Policy Act. Congressional record. July 30, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/crecb/1992/02/27/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt3-5-2.pdf (data of accesses: 22.11.2021)
20411. Congressional record. July 30, 1992, 1993. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt14-6-2.pdf (data of accesses: 23.11.2021)
21872. Congressional record. August 6, 1992. URL: https://www.congress.gov/102/crecb/1992/08/06/GPO-CRECB-1992-pt15-5-1.pdf (data of accesses: 23.11.2021)
The United States stake in a democratic Russia-statement of Dr. James R. Belington. Congressional record. March 25, 1993. URL: https://www.congress.gov/103/crecb/1993/03/25/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt5-3-3.pdf (data of accesses: 23.11.2021)
13027. Congressional record. June 16, 1993. URL: https://www.congress.gov/103/crecb/1993/06/16/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt9-8-2.pdf (data of accesses: 24.11.2021)
Georgia in turmoil. Congressional record. September 29, 1993. URL: https://www.congress.gov/103/crecb/1993/09/29/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt16-4-3.pdf (data of accesses: 25.11.2021)
Statement of U.S.-Russian relations. Congressional record. October 6, 1994. URL: https://www.congress.gov/103/crecb/1994/10/06/GPO-CRECB-1994-pt20-3-1.pdf (data of accesses: 26.11.2021)
Peace and freedom. Congressional record. March 2, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/03/02/CREC-1995-03-02-pt1-PgS3320.pdf (data of accesses: 26.11.2021)
The five global realities. Congressional record. March 29, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/03/29/CREC-1995-03-29-pt1-PgE729.pdf (data of accesses: 27.11.2021)
H 7489. Congressional record. July 24, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/07/24/CREC-1995-07-24-pt1-PgH7481-2.pdf (data of accesses: 28.11.2021)
Motion to instruct offered by Mr. Miller of California. Congressional record. July 25, 1995. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1995-07-25/pdf/CREC-1995-07-25.pdf (data of accesses: 28.11.2021)
H 11871. Congressional record. November 8, 1995. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1995/11/08/CREC-1995-11-08-pt1-PgH11854.pdf (data of accesses: 28.11.2021)
Report concerning the national emergency with respect to Iran-message from the president-pm 130. Congressional record. March 11, 1996. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/07/23/CREC-1996-https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1996-03-11/pdf/CREC-1996-03-11-pt1-PgS1678-3.pdf page 1 (data of accesses: 30.11.2021)
Lukashov A.V. Managing price risks for commodities for non-financial corporations (part 2) // Financial risk management. 2006. No.03 (07). pp. 246-270.
H6474. Congressional record. June 18, 1996. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/06/18/CREC-1996-06-18.pdf (data of accesses: 30.11.2021)
Iran and Libya sanctions act of 1996. Congressional record. July 23, 1996. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/07/23/CREC-1996-07-23-pt1-PgH8125.pdf (data of accesses: 30.11.2021)
Alternatives to Middle East oil dependence. Congressional record. September 6, 1996. URL: https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/09/06/CREC-1996-09-06-pt1-PgS10011-2.pdf (data of accesses: 01.12.2021)
Instability is the enemy and it requires strong military forces. Congressional record. October 29, 1997. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1997/10/29/CREC-1997-10-29-pt1-PgH9709.pdf (data of accesses: 01.12.2021)
H7952. Congressional record. September 17, 1998. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1998/09/17/CREC-1998-09-17-pt1-PgH7946.pdf (data of accesses: 02.12.2021)
Islamic extremists find unwitting allies in Central Asian dictatorships. Congressional record. April 5, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/04/05/CREC-2001-04-05-pt1-PgE585.pdf (data of accesses: 02.12.2021)
Getting America s anti-terrorist message to central Asia. Congressional record. December 14, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/12/14/CREC-2001-12-14-pt1-PgE2300-5.pdf (data of accesses: 03.12.2021)
Article by former sec. Bill Richardson regarding Kazakhstan. Congressional record. August 2, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/crec/2001/08/02/CREC-2001-08-02-pt1-PgE1508-3.pdf (data of accesses: 03.12.2021)
The role of Russia and the Caspian in ensuring energy security. Congressional record. August 3, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/08/03/CREC-2001-08-03-pt1-PgE1550-3.pdf (data of accesses: 04.12.2021)
The role of Russia and the Caspian in ensuring energy security. Congressional record. November 16, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/11/16/CREC-2001-11-16-pt1-PgE2122-3.pdf (data of accesses: 04.12.2021)
Russia and energy security. Congressional record. October 30, 2001. URL: https://www.congress.gov/107/crec/2001/12/19/CREC-2001-12-19-pt1-PgS13694-2.pdf (data of accesses: 04.12.2021)
Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998. Public law 105-118. November 26, 1997. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-111/pdf/STATUTE-111-Pg2386.pdf page 47 (data of accesses: 05.12.2021)
Statements on introduced bills and joint resolutions. Congressional record. October 30, 1997. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1997/10/30/CREC-1997-10-30-pt1-PgS11449-2.pdf (data of accesses: 05.12.2021)
The Silk Road strategy act of 1997, H.R. 2867. Congressional record. November 8, 1997. URL: https://www.congress.gov/105/crec/1997/11/08/CREC-1997-11-08-pt1-PgE2240-4.pdf (data of accesses: 05.12.2021)
Silk Road strategy act of 1998. Report together with minority views. October 9, 1999. URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/crpt-105srpt394/html/crpt-105srpt394.htm (data of accesses: 06.12.2021)
Silk Road strategy act of 1999. Congressional record. August 3, 1999. URL: https://www.congress.gov/106/crec/1999/08/03/crec-1999-08-03-pt1-pge1734.pdf (data of accesses: 06.12.2021)
Krugley I.I. U.S. policy in Central Asia: «The Strategy of the Silk Road» (1991-2011) // Viaintempore. History. Political science. 2016. №22 (243).
Rumyantsev V.P. The concept of the frontier F. J. Turner and US foreign policy in the XX-XXI centuries // American Yearbook 2016. Moscow, 2017. pp. 129-144.
Keywords:
Kazakhstan, USA, Congress, economy, foreign assistance.
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6. LEGAL SUPPORT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES Pages: 140-143 Issue №3231
Actions on identification and disclosure of crimes in the sphere the economy which isn't entering the list of operational search actions
operatively-search activity
information system
information support
analytical work
economic analysis and statistical data analysis
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9. ECONOMICS AND NATIONAL ECONOMY MANAGEMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, MARKETING, MANAGEMENT Pages: 123-125 Issue №2768
Development of the state corporate economy in Russia
innovation
development
strategy
factors
economy
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ECONOMIC THEORY Pages: 163-169 Issue №46133
Drivers of Changes in the Interest Rate Environment in the United States
driver
market conditions
interest rates
economy
duration.
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