The transformation of the image of Nursultan Nazarbayev on the pages of “The New York Times” (1989-2001)
( Pp. 71-86)
More about authors
Alexandrov Stanislav N.
postgraduate student, senior lecturer
National Research Tomsk State University; Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio Electronics
Tomsk, Russian Federation
National Research Tomsk State University; Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio Electronics
Tomsk, Russian Federation
Abstract:
The purpose of the study. In accordance with the
problem-chronological approach, the article systematized the materials of “The
New York Times” newspaper about Nursultan Nazarbayev in the period during
1989-2001. Despite the membership of the Communist Party from 1962-1991, the condemnation
of the collapse of the USSR, the promotion of the idea of new economic and
political integration in the post-Soviet space, the President of Kazakhstan was
portrayed on the pages of “The New York Times” as a progressive independent pro-American
politician. Nevertheless, by the end of the second half of the 1990-s there
were dramatic changes in the current image, the Kazakh leader began to
associate with an autocrat and a corrupt official. This work is aimed at
finding the reasons for the transformation of the image of the Kazakh
politician. Conclusions. The study concluded that the reason for the
transformation of the image of the President of Kazakhstan was the
deterioration of relations with official Washington. The favorable image of
Nursultan Nazarbayev in “The New York Times” was an indicator not only of the
benevolent attitude of newspaper journalists, but also of US loyalty. During
the period of partnership with the White House, the image of politician
Nursultan Nazarbayev remained pleasant for readers of the New York newspaper.
In the late 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. Washington was favorable to
Nursultan Nazarbayev, since the president’s policy satisfied the United States:
defending independence, switching to a market economy, renouncing nuclear
weapons, and access to Kazakh oil. During this period, the negative features of
the Kazakh leader were not displayed or smoothed out on the pages of the New
York newspaper, while the strengths were intentionally emphasized. After the
current American goals in the Central Asian republic were achieved, interest to
the figure of Nursultan Nazarbayev began to fade. Over time, scandals related
to Nursultan Nazarbayev began to be fully covered by journalists of “The New
York Times”, changing the image of the president to an authoritarian and
corrupt politician.
How to Cite:
Alexandrov S.N., (2021), THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE IMAGE OF NURSULTAN NAZARBAYEV ON THE PAGES OF “THE NEW YORK TIMES” (1989-2001). History and Modern Perspectives, 1 => 71-86.
Reference list:
Special to The New York Times. Soviet Party Ponders its fate: Talk is of renewal. The New York Times. July 23, 1989. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/23/world/soviet-partyponders-its-fate-talk-is-of-renewal.html searchResult Position 2 (data of accesses: 07.07.2020).
Farnsworth C. President of Soviet Republic seeks U.S. business deals. The New York Times. July 30, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/30/business/international-report-president-of-soviet-republic-seeks-us-business-deals.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 07.07.2020).
Clines F. Disaster zone is urged after Soviet nuclear blast. The New York Times. September 29, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/29/world/disaster-zone-is-urged-after-soviet-nuclear-blast.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Keller B. The world: Dial 911; Gorbachev turns to the forces of law and order. The New York Times. December 16, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/16/weekinreview/the-world-dial-911-gorbachev-turns-to-the-forces-of-law-and-order.html searchResultPosition 6 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Keller B. Gorbachev names a party loyalist to vice presidency. The New York Times. December 27, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/27/world/gorbachev-names-a-party-loyalist-to-vice-presidency.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Keller B. Soviet congress backs looser federation. The New York Times. December 25, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/world/soviet-congress-backs-looser-federation.html searchResultPosition 7 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Opinion. What kind of Soviet Union The New York Times. March 19, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/19/opinion/what-kind-of-soviet-union.html searchResult Position 9 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Apple, Jr. R.W. Summit in Moscow; Bush in Moscow to chart a new course. The New York Times. July 30, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/world/summit-in-moscow-bush-in-moscow-to-chart-a-new-course.html search ResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Bohlen C. The Soviet crisis; coup sets Yeltsin at center stage. The New York Times. August 20, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/the-soviet-crisis-coup-sets-yeltsin-at-center-stage.html searchResultPosition 16 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Clines F. The Soviet crisis; Resistance to soviet takeover grows as defiant crowds rally for Yeltsin. The New York Times. August 21, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/21/world/soviet-crisis-resistance-soviet-takeover-grows-defiantcrowds-rally-for-yeltsin.html searchResultPosition 17 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Bohlen C. After the coup; Moscow crowds vent anger on Communists. The New York Times. August 23, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/23/world/after-the-coup-moscowcrowds-vent-anger-on-communists.html searchResult Position 21 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
After the coup; Provinces rumble with coup echoes. The New York Times. August 24, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/24/world/after-the-coup-provinces-rumble-with-coup-echoes.html searchResultPosition 24 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Komlyakova YU.YU. Amerikanskoe vliyanie na protsessy demokratizatsii v postsovetskikh respublikakh TSentral noy Azii // TSentral naya Aziya i Kavkaz. 2014. № 1. S. 135-145. Komlyakova Yu.Yu. American influence on the processes of democratization in the post-Soviet republics of Central Asia. Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2014. No. 1. Pp. 135-145. (In Russ.)
After the coup; The Gorbachev account: A coup against the people, against democracy. The New York Times. August 23, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/23/world/after-the-coup-the-gorbachev-account-a-coup-against-the-people-against-democracy.html searchResultPosition 22 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Soviet turmoil; Debate in parliament: Gorbachev takes an enormous share of the blame; Legislators speak out: We have the spirit of reaction in this assembly . The New York Times. August 27, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/27/world/soviet-turmoil-debate-parliamentgorbachev-takes-enormous-share-blame.html searchResult Position 3 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Bohlen C. Soviet turmoil; Gorbachev threatens to quit unless republics find a way to preserve a modified union; New pact is sought. The New York Times. August 28, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/28/world/soviet-turmoilgorbachev-threatens-quit-unless-republics-find-way-preserve.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Soviet turmoil; Excerpts from Soviet Congress: Time for drastic changes. The New York Times. September 3, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/world/soviet-turmoilexcerpts-from-soviet-congress-time-for-drastic-changes. html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet turmoil; Gorbachev, Yeltsin and republic leaders move to take power from soviet congress; Delegates stunned. The New York Times. September 3, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/world/soviet-turmoilgorbachev-yeltsin-republic-leaders-move-take-power-soviet.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet turmoil; Kazakh Chief, seeking what works, backs both order and free economy. The New York Times. September 8, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/08/world/soviet-turmoil-kazakh-chief-seekingwhat-works-backs-both-order-and-free-economy.html searchResultPosition 6 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet Democrats now wrestle over the spoils. The New York Times. October 8, 1991. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1991/10/08/world/soviet-democrats-nowwrestle-over-the-spoils.html searchResultPosition 7 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Clines F. 8 Soviet Republics sign economic pact. The New York Times. October 19, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/8-soviet-republics-sign-economicpact.html searchResultPosition 9 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Schmemann S. 7 Soviet Republics agree to seek new Union. The New York Times. November 15, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/world/7-soviet-republics-agree-to-seek-new-union.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Clines F. Ukrainian voters crowd the polls to create nation. The New York Times. December 2, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/02/world/ukrainian-voters-crowd-the-polls-to-create-nation.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 13.07.2020).
Schmemann S. The world; The world according to Gorbachev disappears. The New York Times. December 8, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/08/weekinreview/the-world-the-world-according-to-gorbachev-disappears.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 15.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Declaring death of Soviet Union, Russia and 2 republics form new commonwealth. The New York Times. December 9, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/09/world/declaring-death-of-soviet-union-russia-and-2-republicsform-new-commonwealth.html searchResultPosition 10 (data of accesses: 16.07.2020).
Bohlen C. Soviet Disarray; Gorbachev vying for army backing over Yeltsin s bid. The New York Times. December 11, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/11/world/soviet-disarraygorbachev-vying-for-army-backing-over-yeltsin-s-bid.html searchResultPosition 14 (data of accesses: 17.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet Disarray; Gorbachev rejects move to discard Kremlin role; U.S. keeps link to Moscow. The New York Times. December 10, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/10/world/soviet-disarray-gorbachev-rejects-move-discard-kremlin-role-us-keeps-link-moscow.html searchResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 19.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet Disarray; Gorbachev is ready to resign as post-soviet plan advances. The New York Times. December 13, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html searchResultPosition 16 (data of accesses: 20.07.2020).
Barringer F. Soviet Disarray; Voices of Soviet experts: What outlook for the Kremlin s defunct empire The New York Times. December 16, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/16/world/soviet-disarray-voices-sovietexperts-what-outlook-for-kremlin-s-defunct-empire.html searchResultPosition 18 (data of accesses: 20.07.2020).
Clines F. Soviet Disarray; 5 Asian republics join slavs in plan for commonwealth replacing the Soviet Union. The New York Times. December 14, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/14/world/soviet-disarray-5-asian-republicsjoin-slavs-plan-for-commonwealth-replacing.html searchResultPosition 17 (data of accesses: 21.07.2020).
Friedman T. Soviet Disarray; Yeltsin rebuffed by Asian republic on nuclear arms. The New York Times. December 18, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/18/world/soviet-disarrayyeltsin-rebuffed-by-asian-republic-on-nuclear-arms.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 22.07.2020).
Gardner R., Gati T. Russia deserves the Soviet Seat. The New York Times. December 19, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/19/opinion/russia-deserves-the-soviet-seat. html searchResultPosition 21 (data of accesses: 23.07.2020).
Clines F. The end of the Soviet Union; 11 soviet states form commonwealth without clearly defining its powers. The New York Times. December 22, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html searchResultPosition 23. (data of accesses: 24.07.2020)
Clines F. The world; Islamic Militance along Russia s Rim is less than a sure bet. The New York Times. February 9, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/23/world/end-soviet-union-text-accords-former-soviet-republics-setting-upcommonwealth.html searchResultPosition 25 (data of accesses: 25.07.2020).
Clines F. Rift over military widens at meeting of ex-soviet lands. The New York Times. February 15, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/15/world/rift-over-militarywidens-at-meeting-of-ex-soviet-lands.html searchResult Position 8 (data of accesses: 26.07.2020).
Bohlen C. Russian president moves to create a separate army. The New York Times. March 17, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/17/world/russian-presidentmoves-to-create-a-separate-army.html searchResult Position 10 (data of accesses: 27.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Ukrainian uses summit to berate Russians and the commonwealth. The New York Times. March 21, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/21/world/ukrainian-uses-summit-to-berate-russians-and-the-commonwealth.html searchResultPosition 11 (data of accesses: 28.07.2020).
Schmemann S. The world; The Red Army fights a Rear Guard action against history. The New York Times. March 29, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/29/weekinreview/the-world-the-red-army-fights-a-rear-guard-action-against-history.html searchResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 29.07.2020).
Erlanger S. Yeltsin angrily assails his critics and Gorbachev. The New York Times. May 16, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/16/world/yeltsin-angrily-assails-his-critics-and-gorbachev.html searchResultPosition 13 (data of accesses: 30.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Yeltsin plans peacekeepers for Moldova. The New York Times. July 7, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/07/world/yeltsin-plans-peacekeepers-formoldova.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 02.08.2020).
Erlanger S. Block RAIDS, Yeltsin TELLS CENTRAL. The New York Times. August 8, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/08/world/block-raids-yeltsin-tells-central-asians.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 03.08.2020).
Singh N. Indo-Russian goals for Central Asia. International Herald Tribune. September 22, 1993. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1993/09/22/opinion/IHT-indorussian-goals-for-central-asia.html searchResultPosition 47 (data of accesses: 04.08.2020).
Clines F. The Soviet transition; 10 Soviet Republics agree to coordinate food supply. The New York Times. September 17, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/17/world/the-soviettransition-10-soviet-republics-agree-to-coordinate-foodsupply.html searchResultPosition 11 (data of accesses: 04.08.2020).
Opinion. The Soviet disunion s missiles. The New York Times. November 4, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/opinion/the-soviet-disunion-s-missiles. html searchResultPosition 2 (data of accesses: 05.08.2020).
Opinion. Try reciprocity on Soviet Arms. The New York Times. December 30, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/30/opinion/try-reciprocity-on-soviet-arms. html searchResultPosition 26 (data of accesses: 10.08.2020).
Hough J. About those nukes. The New York Times. May 16, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/16/opinion/about-those-nukes.html searchResultPosition 14 (data of accesses: 11.08.2020).
CHesnokov E. Kak Nazarbaev spasal SSSR ot razvala, a El tsina - ot alkogolizma // Komsomol skaya pravda. 10 fevralya 2019 g. URL: https://www.tomsk.kp.ru/daily/26940.7/3990867/ (data of accesses: 11.08.2020). Chesnokov E. How Nazarbayev saved the USSR from collapse, and Yeltsin from alcoholism. Komsomolskaya Pravda. February 10, 2019. URL: https://www.tomsk.kp.ru/daily/26940.7/3990867/ (data of accesses: 11.08.2020).
Opinion. Kazakhstan, the nuclear holdout. The New York Times. May 18, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/18/opinion/kazakhstan-the-nuclear-holdout.html searchResult Position 15 (data of accesses: 12.08.2020).
Wines M. Kazakhstan accepts atom-arms pact. The New York Times. May 20, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/ 1992/05/20/world/kazakhstan-accepts-atom-arms-pact.html searchResultPosition 18 (data of accesses: 13.08.2020).
Opinion. From Finish to Start. The New York Times. May 30, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/30/opinion/from-finish-to-start.html searchResultPosition 19 (data of accesses: 14.08.2020).
Opinion. Ukraine s wasting nuclear asset. The New York Times. October 26, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/26/opinion/ukraine-s-wasting-nuclear-asset.html searchResult Position 8 (data of accesses: 15.08.2020).
Berke R. Prodded by gore, Kazakhstan signs arms accord. The New York Times. December 14, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/prodded-by-gore-kazakhstansigns-arms-accord.html searchResultPosition 9 (data of accesses: 18.08.2020).
Greenhouse S. Clinton and Kazakh Chief each filling a need. The New York Times. February 13, 1994. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1994/02/13/world/clinton-and-kazakh-chief-each-filling-a-need.html searchResultPosition 2 (data of accesses: 23.08.2020).
Il icheva I.YU. Kazakhstan v sisteme prioritetov tsentral no-aziatskoy politiki SSHA posle raspada SSSR // Vestn. Tom. gos. un-ta. 2013. № 373. S. 92-95. Ilyicheva I.Yu. Kazakhstan in the system of priorities of the Central Asian policy of the United States after the collapse of the USSR. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. 2013. No. 373. Pp. 92-95. (In Russ.)
Clines F. Soviet-Chevron oil venture mired in fears of capitalist exploitation. The New York Times. August 16, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/16/world/soviet-chevronoil-venture-mired-in-fears-of-capitalist-exploitation.html searchResultPosition 15 (data of accesses: 24.08.2020).
Friedman T. The U.S.-Soviet agenda; Moscow s economic struggle is paramount, As Baker s week of talks makes evident. The New York Times. September 16, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/us-soviet-agenda-moscow-s-economic-struggle-paramount-baker-s-week-talks-makes.html searchResultPosition 10 (data of accesses: 25.08.2020).
Sagdeev R., Nacht M. Space policy is foreign policy. The New York Times. June 26, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/26/opinion/space-policy-is-foreign-policy. html searchResultPosition 24 (data of accesses: 27.08.2020).
Bloomberg News. Company news; Chase venture in Kazakhstan. The New York Times. September 25, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/25/business/companynews-chase-venture-in-kazakhstan.html searchResult Position 5 (data of accesses: 27.08.2020).
Levine S. International business; U.S. and Russia at odds over Caspian oil. The New York Times. October 4, 1995. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/business/internationalbusiness-us-and-russia-at-odds-over-caspian-oil.html searchResultPosition 13 (data of accesses: 28.08.2020).
Keay J. Investment flows into resource-rich nation: Kazakstan s promise reborn. International Herald Tribune. June 22, 1996. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/22/business/worldbusiness/ IHT-investment-flows-into-resourcerich-nation.html searchResultPosition 2 (data of accesses: 28.08.2020).
Yergin D., Gustafson T. Evolution of an oil rush. The New York Times. August 6, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/06/opinion/evolution-of-an-oil-rush.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 29.08.2020).
Levine S. International business; Kazakh Chief, in U.S., to back oil deals. The New York Times. November 18, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/18/business/internationalbusiness-kazakh-chief-in-us-to-back-oil-deals.html searchResultPosition 7 (data of accesses: 30.08.2020).
Keay J. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: The giants stir. International Herald Tribune. December 13, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/13/your-money/IHT-kazakhstan-and-uzbekistan-the-giants-stir.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 31.08.2020).
Levine S. International business; Instability by the barrelful Central Asia s coming oil bonanza and its consequences. The New York Times. December 13, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/17/business/international-businessinstability-by-the-barrelful-central-asias.html searchResult Position 3 (data of accesses: 01.09.2020).
Levine S. International business; Instability by the barrelful ; Central Asia s coming oil bonanza and its consequences. The New York Times. February 17, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/05/business/worldbusiness/IHTinvestors-protected-by-law-president-says-kazakh.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 02.09.2020).
Autocratic Kazak Leader ousts his reformist premier. The New York Times. October 11, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/11/world/autocratic-kazak-leader-ousts-hisreformist-premier.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 04.09.2020).
Green P. Kazakhs raise curtain on remote new capital, but many ask why. The New York Times. June 11, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/11/news/kazakhs-raise-curtain-onremote-new-capital-but-many-ask-why.html searchResult Position 7 (data of accesses: 05.09.2020).
Levine S. In election, Kazakhstan gets a dose of the West. The New York Times. October 25, 1998. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1998/10/25/world/in-election-kazakhstan-gets-a-dose-of-the-west.html searchResultPosition 11 (data of accesses: 06.09.2020).
Wren C. World briefing. The New York Times. November 6, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/06/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 07.09.2020).
Opinion. Kazakhstan s empty election. The New York Times. November 9, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/09/opinion/kazakhstan-s-empty-election.html searchResult Position 13 (data of accesses: 08.09.2020).
Opinion. Kazakhstan s Media: Letters to the editor. International Herald Tribune. November 19, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/19/opinion/IHT-kazakhstansmedia-letters-to-the-editor.html searchResultPosition 14 (data of accesses: 09.09.2020).
Group names enemies of press freedom. The New York Times. May 3, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/03/world/group-names-enemies-of-press-freedom.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 09.09.2020).
Levine S. Is 90 percent of vote suspicious Charge puzzles Kazakh Leader. The New York Times. December 6, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/06/world/is-90-percent-of-vote-suspicious-charge-puzzles-kazakh-leader.html searchResultPosition 16 (data of accesses: 10.09.2020).
Levine S. The world: Caspian logic; Democracy Sure, sure. Now buy our oil. The New York Times. January 3, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/weekinreview/the-world-caspian-logic-democracy-sure-sure-now-buy-our-oil.html searchResultPosition 19 (data of accesses: 11.09.2020).
Wren C. World briefing. The New York Times. January 12, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/12/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 11.09.2020).
Cohen A. Kazakhstan: The road to independence. Central Asia-Caucasus institute Silk Road studies program, 2008. 287 p.
Levine S. Why do Kazakhs keep trying to ship MIG s to North Korea The New York Times. August 27, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/27/world/why-do-kazakhs-keep-trying-to-ship-migs-to-north-korea.html searchResult Position 24 (data of accesses: 12.09.2020).
Miller J., Levine S. To appease U.S., Kazakh acts on MIG sales. The New York Times. September 12, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/12/world/to-appease-us-kazakh-acts-on-mig-sales.html searchResultPosition 25 (data of accesses: 12.09.2020).
Moore J. World briefing. The New York Times. July 15, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/15/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 10 (data of accesses: 13.09.2020).
Akezhan Kazhegel din: rossiyskie vlasti ne znayut, chto delat // Kommersant . 14 oktyabrya 1999. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/225472 (data obrashcheniya: 13.09.2020). Akezhan Kazhegeldin: The Russian authorities do not know what to do. Kommersant. October 14, 1999. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/225472 (data of accesses: 13.09.2020).
Levine S., Tagliabue J. Swiss freeze bank account linked to Kazakh President. The New York Times. October 16, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/16/world/swiss-freeze-bank-account-linked-to-kazakh-president.html search ResultPosition 30 (data of accesses: 14.09.2020).
Levine S. Kazakhstan Leader says albright is meddling. The New York Times. April 16, 2000. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/2000/04/16/world/kazakhstan-leader-saysalbright-is-meddling.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 15.09.2020).
Neilan T. World briefing. The New York Times. June 28, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 16.09.2020).
Schmitt E. U.S. oil consultant faces inquiry on Kazakh Deals. The New York Times. July 3, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/03/business/us-oil-consultant-faces-inquiry-on-kazakh-deals.html searchResultPosition 9 (data of accesses: 16.09.2020).
Johnston D. Kazakh mastermind, or new ugly American The New York Times. December 17, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/business/kazakh-mastermind-or-new-ugly-american.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 17.09.2020).
Johnston D. Mobil is faulted for payments in Central Asia. The New York Times. July 2, 2001. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/02/world/mobil-is-faulted-for-payments-in-central-asia.html searchResultPosition 31 (data of accesses: 17.09.2020).
Fitchett J. Corruption and repression afflict the region: Central Asian regimes backslide on democracy. International Herald Tribune. August 10, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/10/news/corruption-and-repressionafflict-the-region-central-asian-regimes.html searchResult Position 15 (data of accesses: 18.09.2020).
Frantz D. Free press is battered in Post-Soviet Central Asia. The New York Times. December 7, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/07/world/free-press-is-battered-in-post-soviet-central-asia.html searchResultPosition 19 (data of accesses: 18.09.2020).
Frantz D. Fresh dynasties sprout in Post-Soviet Lands as democratic succession withers. The New York Times. February 20, 2001. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/world/fresh-dynasties-sprout-in-post-soviet-lands-as-democraticsuccession-withers.html searchResultPosition 23 (data of accesses: 19.09.2020).
World briefing. The New York Times. September 25, 2001. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/25/international/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 41 (data of accesses: 19.09.2020).
Rumyantsev V.P. Kontseptsiya frontira F.Dzh. Ternera i vneshnyaya politika SSHA v KHKH-XXI vv. // Amerikanskiy ezhegodnik. 2016; M., 2017. S. 129-144. Rumyantsev V.P. The concept of the frontier by F.J. Turner and US foreign policy in the XX-XXI centuries. American Yearbook. 2016; Moscow, 2017. Pp. 129-144. (In Russ.)
Farnsworth C. President of Soviet Republic seeks U.S. business deals. The New York Times. July 30, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/30/business/international-report-president-of-soviet-republic-seeks-us-business-deals.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 07.07.2020).
Clines F. Disaster zone is urged after Soviet nuclear blast. The New York Times. September 29, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/29/world/disaster-zone-is-urged-after-soviet-nuclear-blast.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Keller B. The world: Dial 911; Gorbachev turns to the forces of law and order. The New York Times. December 16, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/16/weekinreview/the-world-dial-911-gorbachev-turns-to-the-forces-of-law-and-order.html searchResultPosition 6 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Keller B. Gorbachev names a party loyalist to vice presidency. The New York Times. December 27, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/27/world/gorbachev-names-a-party-loyalist-to-vice-presidency.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Keller B. Soviet congress backs looser federation. The New York Times. December 25, 1990. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/25/world/soviet-congress-backs-looser-federation.html searchResultPosition 7 (data of accesses: 08.07.2020).
Opinion. What kind of Soviet Union The New York Times. March 19, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/19/opinion/what-kind-of-soviet-union.html searchResult Position 9 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Apple, Jr. R.W. Summit in Moscow; Bush in Moscow to chart a new course. The New York Times. July 30, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/world/summit-in-moscow-bush-in-moscow-to-chart-a-new-course.html search ResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Bohlen C. The Soviet crisis; coup sets Yeltsin at center stage. The New York Times. August 20, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/20/world/the-soviet-crisis-coup-sets-yeltsin-at-center-stage.html searchResultPosition 16 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Clines F. The Soviet crisis; Resistance to soviet takeover grows as defiant crowds rally for Yeltsin. The New York Times. August 21, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/21/world/soviet-crisis-resistance-soviet-takeover-grows-defiantcrowds-rally-for-yeltsin.html searchResultPosition 17 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Bohlen C. After the coup; Moscow crowds vent anger on Communists. The New York Times. August 23, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/23/world/after-the-coup-moscowcrowds-vent-anger-on-communists.html searchResult Position 21 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
After the coup; Provinces rumble with coup echoes. The New York Times. August 24, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/24/world/after-the-coup-provinces-rumble-with-coup-echoes.html searchResultPosition 24 (data of accesses: 09.07.2020).
Komlyakova YU.YU. Amerikanskoe vliyanie na protsessy demokratizatsii v postsovetskikh respublikakh TSentral noy Azii // TSentral naya Aziya i Kavkaz. 2014. № 1. S. 135-145. Komlyakova Yu.Yu. American influence on the processes of democratization in the post-Soviet republics of Central Asia. Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2014. No. 1. Pp. 135-145. (In Russ.)
After the coup; The Gorbachev account: A coup against the people, against democracy. The New York Times. August 23, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/23/world/after-the-coup-the-gorbachev-account-a-coup-against-the-people-against-democracy.html searchResultPosition 22 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Soviet turmoil; Debate in parliament: Gorbachev takes an enormous share of the blame; Legislators speak out: We have the spirit of reaction in this assembly . The New York Times. August 27, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/27/world/soviet-turmoil-debate-parliamentgorbachev-takes-enormous-share-blame.html searchResult Position 3 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Bohlen C. Soviet turmoil; Gorbachev threatens to quit unless republics find a way to preserve a modified union; New pact is sought. The New York Times. August 28, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/28/world/soviet-turmoilgorbachev-threatens-quit-unless-republics-find-way-preserve.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Soviet turmoil; Excerpts from Soviet Congress: Time for drastic changes. The New York Times. September 3, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/world/soviet-turmoilexcerpts-from-soviet-congress-time-for-drastic-changes. html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet turmoil; Gorbachev, Yeltsin and republic leaders move to take power from soviet congress; Delegates stunned. The New York Times. September 3, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/03/world/soviet-turmoilgorbachev-yeltsin-republic-leaders-move-take-power-soviet.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 10.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet turmoil; Kazakh Chief, seeking what works, backs both order and free economy. The New York Times. September 8, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/08/world/soviet-turmoil-kazakh-chief-seekingwhat-works-backs-both-order-and-free-economy.html searchResultPosition 6 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet Democrats now wrestle over the spoils. The New York Times. October 8, 1991. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1991/10/08/world/soviet-democrats-nowwrestle-over-the-spoils.html searchResultPosition 7 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Clines F. 8 Soviet Republics sign economic pact. The New York Times. October 19, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/8-soviet-republics-sign-economicpact.html searchResultPosition 9 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Schmemann S. 7 Soviet Republics agree to seek new Union. The New York Times. November 15, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/world/7-soviet-republics-agree-to-seek-new-union.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 11.07.2020).
Clines F. Ukrainian voters crowd the polls to create nation. The New York Times. December 2, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/02/world/ukrainian-voters-crowd-the-polls-to-create-nation.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 13.07.2020).
Schmemann S. The world; The world according to Gorbachev disappears. The New York Times. December 8, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/08/weekinreview/the-world-the-world-according-to-gorbachev-disappears.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 15.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Declaring death of Soviet Union, Russia and 2 republics form new commonwealth. The New York Times. December 9, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/09/world/declaring-death-of-soviet-union-russia-and-2-republicsform-new-commonwealth.html searchResultPosition 10 (data of accesses: 16.07.2020).
Bohlen C. Soviet Disarray; Gorbachev vying for army backing over Yeltsin s bid. The New York Times. December 11, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/11/world/soviet-disarraygorbachev-vying-for-army-backing-over-yeltsin-s-bid.html searchResultPosition 14 (data of accesses: 17.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet Disarray; Gorbachev rejects move to discard Kremlin role; U.S. keeps link to Moscow. The New York Times. December 10, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/10/world/soviet-disarray-gorbachev-rejects-move-discard-kremlin-role-us-keeps-link-moscow.html searchResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 19.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Soviet Disarray; Gorbachev is ready to resign as post-soviet plan advances. The New York Times. December 13, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/soviet-disarry-gorbachev-is-ready-to-resign-as-post-soviet-plan-advances.html searchResultPosition 16 (data of accesses: 20.07.2020).
Barringer F. Soviet Disarray; Voices of Soviet experts: What outlook for the Kremlin s defunct empire The New York Times. December 16, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/16/world/soviet-disarray-voices-sovietexperts-what-outlook-for-kremlin-s-defunct-empire.html searchResultPosition 18 (data of accesses: 20.07.2020).
Clines F. Soviet Disarray; 5 Asian republics join slavs in plan for commonwealth replacing the Soviet Union. The New York Times. December 14, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/14/world/soviet-disarray-5-asian-republicsjoin-slavs-plan-for-commonwealth-replacing.html searchResultPosition 17 (data of accesses: 21.07.2020).
Friedman T. Soviet Disarray; Yeltsin rebuffed by Asian republic on nuclear arms. The New York Times. December 18, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/18/world/soviet-disarrayyeltsin-rebuffed-by-asian-republic-on-nuclear-arms.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 22.07.2020).
Gardner R., Gati T. Russia deserves the Soviet Seat. The New York Times. December 19, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/19/opinion/russia-deserves-the-soviet-seat. html searchResultPosition 21 (data of accesses: 23.07.2020).
Clines F. The end of the Soviet Union; 11 soviet states form commonwealth without clearly defining its powers. The New York Times. December 22, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-11-soviet-states-form-commonwealth-without-clearly-defining-its.html searchResultPosition 23. (data of accesses: 24.07.2020)
Clines F. The world; Islamic Militance along Russia s Rim is less than a sure bet. The New York Times. February 9, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/23/world/end-soviet-union-text-accords-former-soviet-republics-setting-upcommonwealth.html searchResultPosition 25 (data of accesses: 25.07.2020).
Clines F. Rift over military widens at meeting of ex-soviet lands. The New York Times. February 15, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/15/world/rift-over-militarywidens-at-meeting-of-ex-soviet-lands.html searchResult Position 8 (data of accesses: 26.07.2020).
Bohlen C. Russian president moves to create a separate army. The New York Times. March 17, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/17/world/russian-presidentmoves-to-create-a-separate-army.html searchResult Position 10 (data of accesses: 27.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Ukrainian uses summit to berate Russians and the commonwealth. The New York Times. March 21, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/21/world/ukrainian-uses-summit-to-berate-russians-and-the-commonwealth.html searchResultPosition 11 (data of accesses: 28.07.2020).
Schmemann S. The world; The Red Army fights a Rear Guard action against history. The New York Times. March 29, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/29/weekinreview/the-world-the-red-army-fights-a-rear-guard-action-against-history.html searchResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 29.07.2020).
Erlanger S. Yeltsin angrily assails his critics and Gorbachev. The New York Times. May 16, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/16/world/yeltsin-angrily-assails-his-critics-and-gorbachev.html searchResultPosition 13 (data of accesses: 30.07.2020).
Schmemann S. Yeltsin plans peacekeepers for Moldova. The New York Times. July 7, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/07/world/yeltsin-plans-peacekeepers-formoldova.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 02.08.2020).
Erlanger S. Block RAIDS, Yeltsin TELLS CENTRAL. The New York Times. August 8, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/08/world/block-raids-yeltsin-tells-central-asians.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 03.08.2020).
Singh N. Indo-Russian goals for Central Asia. International Herald Tribune. September 22, 1993. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1993/09/22/opinion/IHT-indorussian-goals-for-central-asia.html searchResultPosition 47 (data of accesses: 04.08.2020).
Clines F. The Soviet transition; 10 Soviet Republics agree to coordinate food supply. The New York Times. September 17, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/17/world/the-soviettransition-10-soviet-republics-agree-to-coordinate-foodsupply.html searchResultPosition 11 (data of accesses: 04.08.2020).
Opinion. The Soviet disunion s missiles. The New York Times. November 4, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/opinion/the-soviet-disunion-s-missiles. html searchResultPosition 2 (data of accesses: 05.08.2020).
Opinion. Try reciprocity on Soviet Arms. The New York Times. December 30, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/30/opinion/try-reciprocity-on-soviet-arms. html searchResultPosition 26 (data of accesses: 10.08.2020).
Hough J. About those nukes. The New York Times. May 16, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/16/opinion/about-those-nukes.html searchResultPosition 14 (data of accesses: 11.08.2020).
CHesnokov E. Kak Nazarbaev spasal SSSR ot razvala, a El tsina - ot alkogolizma // Komsomol skaya pravda. 10 fevralya 2019 g. URL: https://www.tomsk.kp.ru/daily/26940.7/3990867/ (data of accesses: 11.08.2020). Chesnokov E. How Nazarbayev saved the USSR from collapse, and Yeltsin from alcoholism. Komsomolskaya Pravda. February 10, 2019. URL: https://www.tomsk.kp.ru/daily/26940.7/3990867/ (data of accesses: 11.08.2020).
Opinion. Kazakhstan, the nuclear holdout. The New York Times. May 18, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/18/opinion/kazakhstan-the-nuclear-holdout.html searchResult Position 15 (data of accesses: 12.08.2020).
Wines M. Kazakhstan accepts atom-arms pact. The New York Times. May 20, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/ 1992/05/20/world/kazakhstan-accepts-atom-arms-pact.html searchResultPosition 18 (data of accesses: 13.08.2020).
Opinion. From Finish to Start. The New York Times. May 30, 1992. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/30/opinion/from-finish-to-start.html searchResultPosition 19 (data of accesses: 14.08.2020).
Opinion. Ukraine s wasting nuclear asset. The New York Times. October 26, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/26/opinion/ukraine-s-wasting-nuclear-asset.html searchResult Position 8 (data of accesses: 15.08.2020).
Berke R. Prodded by gore, Kazakhstan signs arms accord. The New York Times. December 14, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/prodded-by-gore-kazakhstansigns-arms-accord.html searchResultPosition 9 (data of accesses: 18.08.2020).
Greenhouse S. Clinton and Kazakh Chief each filling a need. The New York Times. February 13, 1994. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1994/02/13/world/clinton-and-kazakh-chief-each-filling-a-need.html searchResultPosition 2 (data of accesses: 23.08.2020).
Il icheva I.YU. Kazakhstan v sisteme prioritetov tsentral no-aziatskoy politiki SSHA posle raspada SSSR // Vestn. Tom. gos. un-ta. 2013. № 373. S. 92-95. Ilyicheva I.Yu. Kazakhstan in the system of priorities of the Central Asian policy of the United States after the collapse of the USSR. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. 2013. No. 373. Pp. 92-95. (In Russ.)
Clines F. Soviet-Chevron oil venture mired in fears of capitalist exploitation. The New York Times. August 16, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/16/world/soviet-chevronoil-venture-mired-in-fears-of-capitalist-exploitation.html searchResultPosition 15 (data of accesses: 24.08.2020).
Friedman T. The U.S.-Soviet agenda; Moscow s economic struggle is paramount, As Baker s week of talks makes evident. The New York Times. September 16, 1991. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/16/world/us-soviet-agenda-moscow-s-economic-struggle-paramount-baker-s-week-talks-makes.html searchResultPosition 10 (data of accesses: 25.08.2020).
Sagdeev R., Nacht M. Space policy is foreign policy. The New York Times. June 26, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/26/opinion/space-policy-is-foreign-policy. html searchResultPosition 24 (data of accesses: 27.08.2020).
Bloomberg News. Company news; Chase venture in Kazakhstan. The New York Times. September 25, 1993. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/25/business/companynews-chase-venture-in-kazakhstan.html searchResult Position 5 (data of accesses: 27.08.2020).
Levine S. International business; U.S. and Russia at odds over Caspian oil. The New York Times. October 4, 1995. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/business/internationalbusiness-us-and-russia-at-odds-over-caspian-oil.html searchResultPosition 13 (data of accesses: 28.08.2020).
Keay J. Investment flows into resource-rich nation: Kazakstan s promise reborn. International Herald Tribune. June 22, 1996. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/22/business/worldbusiness/ IHT-investment-flows-into-resourcerich-nation.html searchResultPosition 2 (data of accesses: 28.08.2020).
Yergin D., Gustafson T. Evolution of an oil rush. The New York Times. August 6, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/06/opinion/evolution-of-an-oil-rush.html searchResultPosition 3 (data of accesses: 29.08.2020).
Levine S. International business; Kazakh Chief, in U.S., to back oil deals. The New York Times. November 18, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/18/business/internationalbusiness-kazakh-chief-in-us-to-back-oil-deals.html searchResultPosition 7 (data of accesses: 30.08.2020).
Keay J. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: The giants stir. International Herald Tribune. December 13, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/13/your-money/IHT-kazakhstan-and-uzbekistan-the-giants-stir.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 31.08.2020).
Levine S. International business; Instability by the barrelful Central Asia s coming oil bonanza and its consequences. The New York Times. December 13, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/17/business/international-businessinstability-by-the-barrelful-central-asias.html searchResult Position 3 (data of accesses: 01.09.2020).
Levine S. International business; Instability by the barrelful ; Central Asia s coming oil bonanza and its consequences. The New York Times. February 17, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/05/business/worldbusiness/IHTinvestors-protected-by-law-president-says-kazakh.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 02.09.2020).
Autocratic Kazak Leader ousts his reformist premier. The New York Times. October 11, 1997. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/11/world/autocratic-kazak-leader-ousts-hisreformist-premier.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 04.09.2020).
Green P. Kazakhs raise curtain on remote new capital, but many ask why. The New York Times. June 11, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/11/news/kazakhs-raise-curtain-onremote-new-capital-but-many-ask-why.html searchResult Position 7 (data of accesses: 05.09.2020).
Levine S. In election, Kazakhstan gets a dose of the West. The New York Times. October 25, 1998. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/1998/10/25/world/in-election-kazakhstan-gets-a-dose-of-the-west.html searchResultPosition 11 (data of accesses: 06.09.2020).
Wren C. World briefing. The New York Times. November 6, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/06/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 12 (data of accesses: 07.09.2020).
Opinion. Kazakhstan s empty election. The New York Times. November 9, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/09/opinion/kazakhstan-s-empty-election.html searchResult Position 13 (data of accesses: 08.09.2020).
Opinion. Kazakhstan s Media: Letters to the editor. International Herald Tribune. November 19, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/19/opinion/IHT-kazakhstansmedia-letters-to-the-editor.html searchResultPosition 14 (data of accesses: 09.09.2020).
Group names enemies of press freedom. The New York Times. May 3, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/03/world/group-names-enemies-of-press-freedom.html searchResultPosition 5 (data of accesses: 09.09.2020).
Levine S. Is 90 percent of vote suspicious Charge puzzles Kazakh Leader. The New York Times. December 6, 1998. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/06/world/is-90-percent-of-vote-suspicious-charge-puzzles-kazakh-leader.html searchResultPosition 16 (data of accesses: 10.09.2020).
Levine S. The world: Caspian logic; Democracy Sure, sure. Now buy our oil. The New York Times. January 3, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/weekinreview/the-world-caspian-logic-democracy-sure-sure-now-buy-our-oil.html searchResultPosition 19 (data of accesses: 11.09.2020).
Wren C. World briefing. The New York Times. January 12, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/12/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 11.09.2020).
Cohen A. Kazakhstan: The road to independence. Central Asia-Caucasus institute Silk Road studies program, 2008. 287 p.
Levine S. Why do Kazakhs keep trying to ship MIG s to North Korea The New York Times. August 27, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/27/world/why-do-kazakhs-keep-trying-to-ship-migs-to-north-korea.html searchResult Position 24 (data of accesses: 12.09.2020).
Miller J., Levine S. To appease U.S., Kazakh acts on MIG sales. The New York Times. September 12, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/12/world/to-appease-us-kazakh-acts-on-mig-sales.html searchResultPosition 25 (data of accesses: 12.09.2020).
Moore J. World briefing. The New York Times. July 15, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/15/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 10 (data of accesses: 13.09.2020).
Akezhan Kazhegel din: rossiyskie vlasti ne znayut, chto delat // Kommersant . 14 oktyabrya 1999. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/225472 (data obrashcheniya: 13.09.2020). Akezhan Kazhegeldin: The Russian authorities do not know what to do. Kommersant. October 14, 1999. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/225472 (data of accesses: 13.09.2020).
Levine S., Tagliabue J. Swiss freeze bank account linked to Kazakh President. The New York Times. October 16, 1999. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/16/world/swiss-freeze-bank-account-linked-to-kazakh-president.html search ResultPosition 30 (data of accesses: 14.09.2020).
Levine S. Kazakhstan Leader says albright is meddling. The New York Times. April 16, 2000. URL: https://www. nytimes.com/2000/04/16/world/kazakhstan-leader-saysalbright-is-meddling.html searchResultPosition 4 (data of accesses: 15.09.2020).
Neilan T. World briefing. The New York Times. June 28, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/world/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 8 (data of accesses: 16.09.2020).
Schmitt E. U.S. oil consultant faces inquiry on Kazakh Deals. The New York Times. July 3, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/03/business/us-oil-consultant-faces-inquiry-on-kazakh-deals.html searchResultPosition 9 (data of accesses: 16.09.2020).
Johnston D. Kazakh mastermind, or new ugly American The New York Times. December 17, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/17/business/kazakh-mastermind-or-new-ugly-american.html searchResultPosition 20 (data of accesses: 17.09.2020).
Johnston D. Mobil is faulted for payments in Central Asia. The New York Times. July 2, 2001. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/02/world/mobil-is-faulted-for-payments-in-central-asia.html searchResultPosition 31 (data of accesses: 17.09.2020).
Fitchett J. Corruption and repression afflict the region: Central Asian regimes backslide on democracy. International Herald Tribune. August 10, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/10/news/corruption-and-repressionafflict-the-region-central-asian-regimes.html searchResult Position 15 (data of accesses: 18.09.2020).
Frantz D. Free press is battered in Post-Soviet Central Asia. The New York Times. December 7, 2000. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/07/world/free-press-is-battered-in-post-soviet-central-asia.html searchResultPosition 19 (data of accesses: 18.09.2020).
Frantz D. Fresh dynasties sprout in Post-Soviet Lands as democratic succession withers. The New York Times. February 20, 2001. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/world/fresh-dynasties-sprout-in-post-soviet-lands-as-democraticsuccession-withers.html searchResultPosition 23 (data of accesses: 19.09.2020).
World briefing. The New York Times. September 25, 2001. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/25/international/world-briefing.html searchResultPosition 41 (data of accesses: 19.09.2020).
Rumyantsev V.P. Kontseptsiya frontira F.Dzh. Ternera i vneshnyaya politika SSHA v KHKH-XXI vv. // Amerikanskiy ezhegodnik. 2016; M., 2017. S. 129-144. Rumyantsev V.P. The concept of the frontier by F.J. Turner and US foreign policy in the XX-XXI centuries. American Yearbook. 2016; Moscow, 2017. Pp. 129-144. (In Russ.)
Keywords:
The New York Times, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan, the United States of America, “The New York Times”.
Related Articles
Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies Pages: 27-32 DOI: 10.33693/2223-0092-2022-12-2-27-32 Issue №20866
Transformation of the political regime in Kazakhstan
neopatrimonialism
Kazakhstan
public administration
political reforms
transit of political power
Show more
DEBATING ISSUES OF GENERAL HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pages: 23-34 DOI: 10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-4-23-34 Issue №20269
US Congress and American Assistance to the Economic Development of Kazakhstan in the 1990 s
Kazakhstan
USA
Congress
economy
foreign assistance
Show more
Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies Pages: 35-40 DOI: 10.33693/2223-0092-2024-14-1-35-40 Issue №48036
Russia’s “Soft Power” in Kazakhstan: Cultural and Economic Aspects
Russia
Kazakhstan
“soft power”
interstate relations
national interests
Show more
Public and Regional Politics Pages: 38-44 DOI: 10.33693/2223-0092-2023-13-1-38-44 Issue №22854
Nationalizing Type of Nationalism: Specific Challenges of State Building in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
nationalizing state
cultural integration
language
Show more
CONTENTIOUS ISSUES OF HISTORY Pages: 54-61 DOI: 10.33693/2658-4654/-2020-2-3-54-61 Issue №17345
Modernization of historical science in independent Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
history
historian
archeology
university
Show more
International Relations, Global and Regional Studies Pages: 83-89 DOI: 10.33693/2223-0092-2023-13-5-83-89 Issue №24646
Features of International Cooperation of Universities. Experience of Russia and Kazakhstan
international cooperation
university
internationalization
integration
Russia
Show more
3. PRIVATE LAW (CIVIL) Pages: 72-78 Issue №20591
The Main Trends and Importance of Local Regulation of Export Controls in the Russian Federation in the Context of New Challenges and Threats
sanctions
compliance
international transactions
export control
the United States of America
Show more
DEBATING ISSUES OF GENERAL HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pages: 119-131 Issue №21163
Attitude of the US Congress to the Nuclear Disarmament of Kazakhstan (1991-2001)
the US
Kazakhstan
Congress
nuclear weapon
Nunn-Lugar Program
Show more
14. FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS Pages: 169-171 Issue №9525
MOVEMENT «ALASH» - THE SIGNIFICANCE AND INFLUENCE
Alash
Alash Orda
Kazakhstan
An Bukeikhanov
And Baitursynov
Show more
