External triggers of integration processes in Central Asia
( Pp. 59-70)
More about authors
Valery I. Mikhaylenko
Dr. Sci. (Hist.), Professor;Professor in International Relations
Ural Federal University the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation Suhrob Rustami inzhener-issledovatel, aspirant kafedry teorii i istorii mezhdunarodnyh otnosheniy
Ural Federal University
Ural Federal University the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation Suhrob Rustami inzhener-issledovatel, aspirant kafedry teorii i istorii mezhdunarodnyh otnosheniy
Ural Federal University
Abstract:
The article examines the influence of external
actors on the processes of integration and regionalization in Central Asia. The
authors view Central Asia as a region undergoing reformatting. In their
previously published articles, they analyzed intraregional processes that
affect integration. This article analyzes the role of external actors, namely,
global and major regional powers in the formation of the region. The authors
note the increased competition from integration projects in the region,
especially transport and logistics infrastructure projects. In this regard, the
article raises the topic of pairing integration projects proposed by external
actors. Using the example of the analysis of attempts to pair the Russian EAEU
project and the Chinese “One Belt, One Road”, the authors point to the
difficulties of achieving interaction between competing partners. The article
notes that in spite of the available resources for using “soft power” in the
region, Russia must take into account the growing rivalry on the part of
external actors for influence in the region and respond flexibly to emerging challenges.
How to Cite:
Valery I.M., Suhrob R.., (2021), EXTERNAL TRIGGERS OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN CENTRAL ASIA. History and Modern Perspectives, 1 => 59-70.
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Partnerstvo bez al yansa: strategicheskie otnosheniya Kitaya i Rossii na sovremennom etape. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/19724 (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2020).
Interv yu I.YU. Frolovoy. Kitay i ego rol v bezopasnosti v TSA. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/19621 (data obrashcheniya: 15.05.2020).
Interv yu F. Starr. Prishlo vremya smotret na Afganistan kak chast TSentral noy Azii . URL: https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2017/11/21/frederick-starr/ (data obrashcheniya: 20.07.2020).
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Popov D.S. TSentral naya Aziya vo vneshney politike SSHA. 1991-2016 gg. M.: RISI, 2016.
Rybkin R.YU. Strategiya SSHA v TSentral no-Aziatskom regione // Upravlencheskoe konsul tirovanie. 2018. № 4. S. 182-187.
Sovmestnoe zayavlenie YAponii i Respubliki Kazakhstan O rasshirennom strategicheskom partnerstve v vek protsvetaniya Azii . URL: https://www.kz.emb-japan.go.jp/files/000202021.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 10.08.2020).
Sovmestnoe zayavlenie Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki o sotrudnichestve po sopryazheniyu stroitel stva Evraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza i Ekonomicheskogo poyasa SHelkovogo puti. 8 maya 2015 goda. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/supplement/4971 (data obrashcheniya: 04.02.2020).
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Tekst sovmestnogo zayavleniya: Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan issue joint statement on anti-terrorism // Ministry of National Defense of the People s Republic of China. 3 August 2016. URL: http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2016-08/04/content 4707451.htm (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Troitskiy E.F., Kim M.YU. Politika YAponii v TSentral noy Azii (1992-2016 gg.) // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya. 2017. № 50. S. 85.
Troitskiy E.F. Politika SSHA v TSentral noy Azii: podkhody vtoroy administratsii Dzh. Busha (2005-2009 gg.) i B. Obamy (2009-2010 gg.) // Sravnitel naya politika. 2011. T. 2. № 4. S. 65-74.
Tyurkskoe sotrudnichestvo i vneshnyaya politika Turtsii v TSentral noy Azii. Interv yu. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/21201 (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Umarov A.A. Strategicheskie initsiativy SSHA i Kitaya v TSentral noy Azii // Sravnitel naya politika. 2015. № 1. S. 128-137.
Frolova I.YU. Vzaimodeystvie v ramkakh chetyrekhstoronnego mekhanizma po sotrudnichestvu i koordinatsii s uchastiem Kitaya, Afganistana, Pakistana i Tadzhikistana. URL: https://riss.ru/images/pdf/journal/2020/1/03.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Acharia A. Thinking theoretically about Asian IR. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342345351 Thinking Theoretically about Asian IR AMITAV ACHARYA (data obrashcheniya: 16.07.1920).
Acharya A., Buzan B. The making of Global International Relations. In: The making of Global International Relations: Origins and evolution of IR at its centenary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Anceschi L. Gulf-Central Asia relations: Beyond the impasse. Potential for energy and infrastructure cooperation. URL: https://eda.ac.ae/docs/default-source/Publications/eda-insight gulf-central-asia en.pdf sfvrsn 2 (data obrashcheniya: 07.07.2020).
Area Studies Central Asia. 2017. Foreign policy research Centre New Delhi (India). URL: https://www.fprc.in/area specific.php (data obrashcheniya: 28.01.2021).
Busygina I., Filippov M. Nested games The inconsistencies of Russian foreign policy in Eurasia. URL: https://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/Pepm684 Filippov-Busyginav Jan2021.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 01.02.2021).
European Commission. International partnerships. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/ (data obrashcheniya: 05.02.2021).
Friedman B. The Northern Tier and great power competition in West Asia. In: The idea of the Northern Tier. A new order in the Middle East Serkan Yola an (ed.). MEI Singapore, 2019. Pr. 26, 29.
Kaczmarski M. Non-western visions of regionalism: China s New Silk Road and Russia s Eurasian Economic Union. Intern. Affairs. Nov. 2017. Vol. 93. Iss. 6. Pp. 1357-1376.
Kucera J. Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan Deepen Anti-Terror Ties. URL: https://eurasianet.org/afghanistan-china-pakistan-tajikistan-deepen-anti-terror-ties (data obrashcheniya: 04.01.2021).
Laruelle M. Assessing Russia s normative agenda in Central Asia. URL: https://www.bishkekproject.com/memos/16 (data obrashcheniya: 04.04.2020).
Laruelle M. Russia s Eurasianist soft power in Central Asia. URL: http://greater-europe.org/archives/3190 (data obrashcheniya: 14.08.2020).
Laruelle M., Royce D. No great game: Central Asia s public. Opinions on Russia, China, and the U.S. URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/ documents/KI 200805 cable 2056 final.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 23.08.2020).
Longhurst K., Nitza-Makowskar A., Skiert-Andrzejuk K. Rethinking soft power: China, Russia and the European Union in Central Asia. URL: https://www.academia.edu/42989458/Re-thinking soft power China Russia and the European Union in Central Asia (data obrashcheniya: 25.07.2020).
Pieper M. The linchpin of Eurasia: Kazakhstan and the Eurasian economic union between Russia s defensive regionalism and China s new Silk Roads. URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/s41311-020-00244-6.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 12.05.2020).
Prasad Das J. India s Connect Central Asia Policy. URL: https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/10/29/indiasconnect-central-asia-policy/ (data obrashcheniya: 22.01.2021).
Spengler. A Pax Sinica takes shape in the Middle East. URL: https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/a-pax-sinica-takes-shape-in-the-middle-east/ mc cid 49cccf8b30 mc eid 2c6d438fa6 (data obrashcheniya: 05 02 2021).
The idea of the Northern Tier. A new order in the Middle East S. Yola an (ed.). MEI Singapore, 2019.
Timakova O. Strategy of the Gulf countries: Special aspects of Policy towards Central Asian Countries. URL: https://www.ca-c.org/online/2020/journal eng/cac-01/03.shtml (data obrashcheniya: 08.07.2020).
Troitskiy M. Institutionalizing U.S.-Russian cooperation in Central Eurasia. URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/OP293 institutionalizing us russia cooperation troitskiy 2006.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 20.12.2021).
Tsvyk A., Kurylev K. The idea of a Greater Europe in Russian foreign policy: Past and present // Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii. 2020. T. 19. № 2. S. 438-447.
Zhiltsov S. Japan s policy in Central Asia and its implementation. URL: https://www.ca-c.org/online/2020/journal eng/cac-01/04.shtml (data obrashcheniya: 23.08.2020).
/ 2018 4 2018-07-25. URL: http://www.ciis.org.cn/gyzz/2018-07/25/content 40434373.htm (Feng Yujun, Shang Yue. China International Studies (September/October 2018) (data obrashcheniya: 02.02.2020).
V Tadzhikistane nachalas rekonstruktsiya dorogi Kulyab-Kalaikhumb. URL: https://tj.sputniknews.ru/country/20190529/1029027028/Tajikistan-rekonstruktsiya-dorogi-Kulyab-Kalaikhumb.html (data obrashcheniya: 08.07.2020).
Geopolitika Kitaya na Pamire i ego lipkaya sila v Tadzhikistane. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/19738 (data obrashcheniya: 15.05.2020).
Glavy MID TSA i YAponii po itogam vstrechi podpisali itogovyy dokument. Vstrecha ministrov proshla v subbotu v Dushanbe. 19 maya 2019. URL: https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnayapanorama/6445967 (data obrashcheniya: 10. 08. 2020).
Glaz ev S. O strategicheskikh napravleniyakh razvitiya EAES. URL: https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/27197 (data obrashcheniya: 24.08.2020).
Zakhar ev YA.O. Kitayskiy vzglyad na usilenie YAponii v TSA v kontse 2010-kh - nachale 2020-kh gg.: novye aktsenty i podkhody // Ekonomika TSA. 2018. T. 2. № 4.
Partnerstvo bez al yansa: strategicheskie otnosheniya Kitaya i Rossii na sovremennom etape. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/19724 (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2020).
Interv yu I.YU. Frolovoy. Kitay i ego rol v bezopasnosti v TSA. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/19621 (data obrashcheniya: 15.05.2020).
Interv yu F. Starr. Prishlo vremya smotret na Afganistan kak chast TSentral noy Azii . URL: https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2017/11/21/frederick-starr/ (data obrashcheniya: 20.07.2020).
Mikhaylenko V.I., Sukhrob R. TSentral naya Aziya kak integratsionnyy proekt v usloviyakh neopredelennosti // Istoriya i sovremennoe mirovozzrenie. 2020. № 3. S. 44-53.
Mikhaylenko V.I., Sukhrob R. Rol Evropeyskogo soyuza v konstruirovanii TSentral no-Aziatskogo regiona // Izvestiya Ural skogo federal nogo universiteta. Ser. 3: Obshchestvennye nauki. 2019. T. 14. № 4 (194). S. 100-114.
Mikhaylenko V.I., Sukhrob R. Na puti k novoy strategii ES dlya TSentral noy Azii // Istoriya i sovremennoe mirovozzrenie. 2019. № 3. S. 95-102.
Mokretskiy A. Kitayskaya diplomatiya v epokhu Si TSzin pina. URL: https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/2163 (data obrashcheniya: 07.07.2020).
Murashkin N., Akylbaev I. YAponiya i TSentral naya Aziya: tikhoe partnerstvo s privlecheniem vneregional nykh igrokov. URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/yaponiya-i-tsentralnaya-aziya-tikhoe-partnerstvo-s-privlecheniem-vneregionalnykh-igrokov/ (data obrashcheniya: 10.08.2020).
Perechen deystvuyushchikh regional nykh organizatsiy v TSA: Regional organisations in Central Asia / Laruelle M., Peyrouse S. Patterns of interaction, dilemmas of efficiency. Institute of Public Policy and Administration. Working Paper. 2012. № 10.
Popov D.S. TSentral naya Aziya vo vneshney politike SSHA. 1991-2016 gg. M.: RISI, 2016.
Rybkin R.YU. Strategiya SSHA v TSentral no-Aziatskom regione // Upravlencheskoe konsul tirovanie. 2018. № 4. S. 182-187.
Sovmestnoe zayavlenie YAponii i Respubliki Kazakhstan O rasshirennom strategicheskom partnerstve v vek protsvetaniya Azii . URL: https://www.kz.emb-japan.go.jp/files/000202021.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 10.08.2020).
Sovmestnoe zayavlenie Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki o sotrudnichestve po sopryazheniyu stroitel stva Evraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza i Ekonomicheskogo poyasa SHelkovogo puti. 8 maya 2015 goda. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/supplement/4971 (data obrashcheniya: 04.02.2020).
Strategiya Rossii v TSentral noy Azii i budushchee integratsionnykh proektov. Interv yu so Stanislavom Pritchinym. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/21190 (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Tekst sovmestnogo zayavleniya: Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan issue joint statement on anti-terrorism // Ministry of National Defense of the People s Republic of China. 3 August 2016. URL: http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2016-08/04/content 4707451.htm (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Troitskiy E.F., Kim M.YU. Politika YAponii v TSentral noy Azii (1992-2016 gg.) // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya. 2017. № 50. S. 85.
Troitskiy E.F. Politika SSHA v TSentral noy Azii: podkhody vtoroy administratsii Dzh. Busha (2005-2009 gg.) i B. Obamy (2009-2010 gg.) // Sravnitel naya politika. 2011. T. 2. № 4. S. 65-74.
Tyurkskoe sotrudnichestvo i vneshnyaya politika Turtsii v TSentral noy Azii. Interv yu. URL: https://caa-network.org/archives/21201 (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Umarov A.A. Strategicheskie initsiativy SSHA i Kitaya v TSentral noy Azii // Sravnitel naya politika. 2015. № 1. S. 128-137.
Frolova I.YU. Vzaimodeystvie v ramkakh chetyrekhstoronnego mekhanizma po sotrudnichestvu i koordinatsii s uchastiem Kitaya, Afganistana, Pakistana i Tadzhikistana. URL: https://riss.ru/images/pdf/journal/2020/1/03.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2020).
Acharia A. Thinking theoretically about Asian IR. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342345351 Thinking Theoretically about Asian IR AMITAV ACHARYA (data obrashcheniya: 16.07.1920).
Acharya A., Buzan B. The making of Global International Relations. In: The making of Global International Relations: Origins and evolution of IR at its centenary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Anceschi L. Gulf-Central Asia relations: Beyond the impasse. Potential for energy and infrastructure cooperation. URL: https://eda.ac.ae/docs/default-source/Publications/eda-insight gulf-central-asia en.pdf sfvrsn 2 (data obrashcheniya: 07.07.2020).
Area Studies Central Asia. 2017. Foreign policy research Centre New Delhi (India). URL: https://www.fprc.in/area specific.php (data obrashcheniya: 28.01.2021).
Busygina I., Filippov M. Nested games The inconsistencies of Russian foreign policy in Eurasia. URL: https://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/Pepm684 Filippov-Busyginav Jan2021.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 01.02.2021).
European Commission. International partnerships. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/ (data obrashcheniya: 05.02.2021).
Friedman B. The Northern Tier and great power competition in West Asia. In: The idea of the Northern Tier. A new order in the Middle East Serkan Yola an (ed.). MEI Singapore, 2019. Pr. 26, 29.
Kaczmarski M. Non-western visions of regionalism: China s New Silk Road and Russia s Eurasian Economic Union. Intern. Affairs. Nov. 2017. Vol. 93. Iss. 6. Pp. 1357-1376.
Kucera J. Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan Deepen Anti-Terror Ties. URL: https://eurasianet.org/afghanistan-china-pakistan-tajikistan-deepen-anti-terror-ties (data obrashcheniya: 04.01.2021).
Laruelle M. Assessing Russia s normative agenda in Central Asia. URL: https://www.bishkekproject.com/memos/16 (data obrashcheniya: 04.04.2020).
Laruelle M. Russia s Eurasianist soft power in Central Asia. URL: http://greater-europe.org/archives/3190 (data obrashcheniya: 14.08.2020).
Laruelle M., Royce D. No great game: Central Asia s public. Opinions on Russia, China, and the U.S. URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/ documents/KI 200805 cable 2056 final.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 23.08.2020).
Longhurst K., Nitza-Makowskar A., Skiert-Andrzejuk K. Rethinking soft power: China, Russia and the European Union in Central Asia. URL: https://www.academia.edu/42989458/Re-thinking soft power China Russia and the European Union in Central Asia (data obrashcheniya: 25.07.2020).
Pieper M. The linchpin of Eurasia: Kazakhstan and the Eurasian economic union between Russia s defensive regionalism and China s new Silk Roads. URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/s41311-020-00244-6.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 12.05.2020).
Prasad Das J. India s Connect Central Asia Policy. URL: https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/10/29/indiasconnect-central-asia-policy/ (data obrashcheniya: 22.01.2021).
Spengler. A Pax Sinica takes shape in the Middle East. URL: https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/a-pax-sinica-takes-shape-in-the-middle-east/ mc cid 49cccf8b30 mc eid 2c6d438fa6 (data obrashcheniya: 05 02 2021).
The idea of the Northern Tier. A new order in the Middle East S. Yola an (ed.). MEI Singapore, 2019.
Timakova O. Strategy of the Gulf countries: Special aspects of Policy towards Central Asian Countries. URL: https://www.ca-c.org/online/2020/journal eng/cac-01/03.shtml (data obrashcheniya: 08.07.2020).
Troitskiy M. Institutionalizing U.S.-Russian cooperation in Central Eurasia. URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/OP293 institutionalizing us russia cooperation troitskiy 2006.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 20.12.2021).
Tsvyk A., Kurylev K. The idea of a Greater Europe in Russian foreign policy: Past and present // Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii. 2020. T. 19. № 2. S. 438-447.
Zhiltsov S. Japan s policy in Central Asia and its implementation. URL: https://www.ca-c.org/online/2020/journal eng/cac-01/04.shtml (data obrashcheniya: 23.08.2020).
/ 2018 4 2018-07-25. URL: http://www.ciis.org.cn/gyzz/2018-07/25/content 40434373.htm (Feng Yujun, Shang Yue. China International Studies (September/October 2018) (data obrashcheniya: 02.02.2020).
Keywords:
Central Asia, Russia, EAEU, One Belt - One Road, European interregionalism in Central Asia, the Turkic world, India in Central Asia, Japan in Central Asia.
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