NUCLEAR FUSION AND ITS LARGE POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY
( Pp. 114-121)

The energy problem in the world is outlined to show the enormous task of «decarbonizing» the current energy system, with ~85 % of the primary energy from fossil sources. Currently only two options offer a solution to reduce CO2 emissions: renewable energy (sun, wind, hydro,…) or nuclear fission. Their contributions, ~2 % for intermittent sun and wind, ~6 % for hydro power and ~5 % for fission, must be enormously increased in a relatively short time to meet the targets set by policy makers. In several countries, and in particular in the EU, there is a growing tendency to rule out nuclear fission for energy production. It is therefore questionable if «decarboniztion» is feasible with the currently available techniques, without avoiding difficulties in the energy supply. Additional environmentally friendly options to produce energy will therefore be very welcome. Fusion is such a candidate and a very important one, because of its inherent properties: nearly inexhaustible, no production of greenhouse gases or long term waste and safe. The principles of magnetic confinement are outlined and the two main options for magnetic confinement, tokamak and stellarator, explained. The status of magnetic fusion is summarized and the next steps in fusion research, ITER and DEMO, briefly presented.

Ongena J.., (2018), NUCLEAR FUSION AND ITS LARGE POTENTIAL FOR THE FUTURE WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY. Computational Nanotechnology, 1 => 114-121.

World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision // United Nations Population Division, data up to 2100 in the various variants; avail ble on http://esa.un.org/unpp. For detailed data tables see https:// esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ and look for Standard Projections, Total Population .
Historical International Energy Statistics - EIA - Department of Energy. Washington DC, USA, avalaible on-line.
David JC MacKay, Sustainable Energy - without the hot air. UIT Cambridge UK (2009), ISBN 978-0-9544529-3-3. Free downloadable from www.withouthotair.com.
Kleemann M. Aktuelle wirtschaftliche und kologische Probleme bei der Nutzung regenerativer Energiequellen // Elektrow rme International. 49, Issue A2, A62-70 (Juni 1991) Vulkan Verlag, Essen 1991.
UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. Postnote 268 (October 2006), www.parliament.uk/parliamentary offices/post/ environment.cfm).
Jefferson M. Energy efficiency and sustainability // Proc. of the 44th Session of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, Erice (Italy) - August 19-24, 2011.
Frondel M., Ritter N., Schmidt C.M., Vance C. Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energies: The German Experience. Energy Policy, 38, 4048 - 4056 (2010).
Development and integration of renewable energy: lessons learned from Germany // Finadvice, Aldiswil, June 2014. Free downloadable from: http://www.finadvice.ch/files/germany lessonslearned final 071014.pdf.
Vahrenholt F. Germany s Energiewende: a disaster in the making // presentation given at the UK House of Commons on 17 January 2017.
Hans-Werner Sinn. Buffering volatility: A study on the limits of Germany s energy revolution // European Economic Review 99, 130-150 (2017).
Atzeni S. J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, in The Physics of Inertial Fusion: Beam Plasma Interaction, Hydrodynamics, Hot Dense Matter (Oxford University Press, Oxford). 2004, ISBN-13: 978-0198562641. http://pntpm.ulb.ac.be/nacre.htm; described in Angulo C. et al. // Nucl. Phys. A656, 3-187 (1999)
Knaster J. et al. Materials for fusion research // Nature Phys. 12, 424-434 (2016).
Maisonnier D. et al. A Conceptual Study Of Commercial Fusion Power Plants // Final Report of the European Fusion Power Plant Conceptual Study (PPCS). EFDA-RP-RE-5.0, April 13th, 2005.
Wolf R.C. et al. Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator // Nucl. Fusion. 57, 102020 (2017).
Hemsworth R. et al. Status of the ITER heating neutral beam system // Nucl. Fusion. 49, 045006 (2009).
Sonato P. et al. Status of PRIMA. The Test Facility for ITER Neutral Beam Injectors : Proc. 3rd Int. // Symp. On Negative Ions, Beams and Sources (NIBS 2012, 3-7 Sept. 2012, Jyv skyl , Finland); published in AIP Conf. Proc. 1515, 549-558 (2013).
Grisham L.R. et al. Recent improvements to the ITER neutral beam system design // Fus. Eng. and Design. 87, 1805 (2012).
Sonato P. et al. The ITER full size plasma source device design // Fus. Eng. and Design. 84, 269 (2009).
Goldston R.J. Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating // Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 26, 87-103 (1984).
Kaye S.M. Goldston R.J. Global energy confinement scaling for neutral-beam-heated tokamaks // Nucl. Fusion. 25, 65-69 (1985).
Ryter F. et al. Electron heat transport studies // Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 48, B453-B463 (2006).
Fasoli A. et al. Computational challenges in magnetic-confinement fusion physics // Nature Phys. 12, 411-423 (2016).
Dnestrovskii Yu.N. Self-Organization of Hot Plasmas. ISBN 978-3-319-06802-2. Springer Verlag (2015).
Razumova K.A. Features of self-organized plasma physics in tokamaks // Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 60, 014037 (2018).
Pereverzev G.V., Yushmanov P.N. ASTRA, Automated System for Transport Analysis // Report IPP 5/98, Max-Planck-Institute fur Plasmaphysik, 2002.
Dnestrovski Yu.N. and Kostomarov D.P. International Conference on Plasma Confinement in Closed Systems // Dubna, 1969.
Abstracts of Contributed Papers, Moscow, 1969. R. 41.
Hawryluk R.J. An Empirical Approach to Tokamak Transport: in Physics of Plasmas Close to Thermonuclear Conditions / ed. by B. Coppi et al. (CEC, Brussels, 1980). Vol. 1. Rp. 19-46.
Ongena J., Evrard M., McCune D. Numerical Transport Codes // Proceedings of the Third Carolus Magnus Summer School on Plasma Physics (Spa, Belgium, Sept 1997) and published in Transactions of Fusion Technology. 33, No. 2T. Rp. 181-191 (1998).
Lawson J.D. Some Criteria for a Useful Thermonuclear Reactor // Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 1955.
Lawson J.D. Some criteria for a power producing thermonuclear reactor // Proc. Phys. Soc. B 70, 6-10 (1957).
Rebhan E. and Van Oost G. Thermonuclear burn criteria // Proceedings of the Sixth Carolus Magnus Summer School on Plasma and Fusion Energy Physics (Brussels, Belgium, Sept 2003) and published in Transactions of Fusion Technology. 45, Number 2T, 15-23 (2004).
Artsimovich L.A. i dr. Eksperimental nye issledovaniya na ustanovkakh Tokamak // Proc 3rd IAEA Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (Novosibirsk, USSR, 1-7 Aug 1968). R. CN-24/B-1 (1969).
Peacock N.J. et al. Measurement of the electron temperature by Thomson scattering in the tokamak T3 // Nature. 224, 488-490 (1969).
Keilhacker M., Gibson P., Gormezano C., et al. High fusion performance from deuterium-tritium plasmas in JET // Nucl. Fusion. 39, 209 (1999).
Jacquinot J. and the JET Team. Deuterium-tritium operation in magnetic confinement experiments: results and underlying physics // Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. 41, A13 (1999).

global energy, fusion, magnetic confinement, plasma tokamak, stellarator, ITER, DEMO.